The U.S. government sells billions of dollars in Treasury bonds to institutional investors every year. Right now those institutional investors are willing to pay such a high price for good credit quality to end up with a negative return after inflation. The real yield on Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (TIPS) is negative across all maturities.
| Maturity | Real Yield |
|---|---|
| 5-year | -1.58% |
| 10-year | -0.93% |
| 20-year | -0.46% |
| 30-year | -0.21% |
Source: Daily Treasury Real Yield Curve Rates as of January 8, 2021, Treasury Department
A -0.93% real yield on 10-year TIPS means when this bond matures after 10 years, the purchasing power will be 9% less than today. Investors are willing to lose purchasing power because they’re afraid they’ll lose even more if they buy something else.
The U.S. government also sells savings bonds directly to individual investors in small denominations. Series I Savings Bonds (“I Bonds”) are like a variable-rate flexible term CD. The interest rate goes up and down with inflation, but you’re guaranteed to match the rate of inflation, not lose to it. You can choose to redeem your I Bonds any time between one year and 30 years after purchase. Matching inflation with a flexible term is a much better deal than losing to inflation after committing to 10 years.
TreasuryDirect
Such a good deal is reserved only for small investors. The government doesn’t let you buy as much as you want. Each person is allowed to buy $10,000 per calendar year. You can only buy it directly on a government website called TreausryDirect, not through a broker such as Vanguard or Fidelity. That means you can’t buy it with money in an IRA or a retirement plan account.
The TreasuryDirect website isn’t the easiest to use, because the government doesn’t have much incentive to make it easier when it’s already offering a much better deal than what institutional investors are willing to pay. However, if you persevere and follow the instructions in this guided tour, you’ll make it work in the end.
If you’re married, the two of you have to open an account with TreasuryDirect separately. TreasuryDirect doesn’t have the concept of a joint account, although you can choose to put a co-owner on the I Bonds you buy. The two accounts can link to the same bank account. The government will debit purchases from your bank account and credit redemptions to your bank account. You pay federal income tax on the accumulated interest only when you sell. The interest is exempt from state income tax.
IRS Direct Pay
After you max out the $10,000 per person per year at TreasuryDirect, you can buy another $5,000 per year indirectly, but only if you’re due at least that much in tax refund and you tell the IRS to use part of your tax refund to buy I Bonds. You can’t send a check with your tax return and ask them to buy I Bonds for you. If you normally don’t have a tax refund that large, you can increase your tax refund by overpaying ahead of time. Because I’m self-employed and I pay quarterly estimated taxes, I just pay extra for the fourth quarter.
If you don’t pay quarterly estimated taxes, you can make a one-time payment through IRS Direct Pay. After a year is over, you can still pay toward the previous year’s taxes with an automatic extension. When you say your payment is for an extension, the payment automatically files the extension. You don’t need to fill out another form. You get extra time with an extension but you don’t have to use it. You can still file your tax return on time before April 15.
When you pay extra, don’t make your refund exactly $5,000. Make it a small odd amount above $5,000 so that you’ll still have a small refund after buying I Bonds. For example, if you’re expecting a refund of $2,136, pay $3,000 with your automatic extension. Now your expected refund is $5,136. When you see $136 deposited to your bank account, you’ll know the other $5,000 is sent to buy I Bonds.
TurboTax
After you pay extra with an automatic extension, make sure to account for it on your tax return. In TurboTax, it’s under Federal Taxes, Deductions & Credits, Estimates and Other Taxes Paid, Other Income Taxes.
Then choose payment with the federal extension for the previous year.
When it comes to buying I Bonds, it’s in the final steps before filing your return when TurboTax asks you whether you’d like to receive your refund by direct deposit or by check. You check a box at the bottom to say you want to split your tax refund and use part of it to buy I Bonds.
Then you will say how much you’d like to buy and whose name(s) should be on the bonds.
H&R Block Software
It works similarly in H&R Block tax software. The payment with extension is under Federal, Taxes, Federal Tax Payments.
In the final steps before filing the return, when it asks you for the bank information for direct deposit, there’s a small link about U.S. Savings Bonds.
Clicking on the “learn more” link opens a pop-up that tells you how to find the necessary Form 8888.
You enter the amount you’d like to buy and the names that should appear on the bonds in Form 8888.
Convert Paper I Bonds to Electronic
After you file your tax return, if everything goes well, the I Bonds will come in paper form by mail in multiple denominations. If you buy $5,000, you will receive four $1,000 bonds, one $500 bond, one $200 bond, and six $50 bonds. You can keep these bonds in paper form if you’d like. When you redeem paper I Bonds, you can go to your bank or credit union or a major national bank such as Bank of America or Chase. They will look up the current values in their system and deposit the money to your account or give you cash.
If you’d like to consolidate these paper bonds with the electronic bonds in your TreasuryDirect account, you can mail them to the Treasury Department and have them converted to electronic bonds. Please read and follow the detailed instructions from TreasuryDirect. If only they ask for your TreasuryDirect account number on the tax return, they won’t have to mail you the bonds and you won’t have to mail them back in. Again, the government has no incentive to make it easy. If you want I Bonds, you’ll have to tolerate their process.
When Something Goes Wrong
Sometimes the paper bonds don’t come in one envelope. If you receive fewer bonds than you’re expecting, wait a few days. More likely additional bonds will show up in the mail.
Sometimes instead of receiving I bonds, you get 100% of your tax refund deposited into your bank account. It’s not clear why this happens to some people. There isn’t much you can do about it. Once you receive your tax refund, it’s not possible to have the IRS take it back and buy I Bonds for you. Try your luck again next year.
Learn the Nuts and Bolts
I put everything I use to manage my money in a book. My Financial Toolbox guides you to a clear course of action.
Dan A says
Thanks for the detailed explanation!! I remember trying out T-bills after your article (almost) 2 years ago, before the rates dropped. Now that it seems inevitable that we’re going into a Japan-like economy, staying slightly ahead of inflation doesn’t sound so bad.
If my TreasuryDirect acct is setup for a Living Trust, can the I bonds be in my name (as they most likely will be from the IRS), or do they have to in my name as trustee?
Harry Sit says
I don’t have a trust account there. It looks to me that an individual account and a trust account are separate, and all the bonds you buy in the trust account belong to the trust. If you want bonds in your name you’d have to open a separate account as an individual. You can have the bonds in your individual account “reissued” to the trust.
Dan A says
I guess the best option is to use line 5 on Form 8888 to specify myself with a trustee designation, rather than using line 4. They make it so confusing.
Haseung says
Harry,
After reading your article, I purchased $5,000 as I was filing the tax. Yesterday, I received the I-bonds in the mail like you mentioned. However, I only received 5 of the $50, so total $4,950. Is there anything I could do in this case?
Thank you for your help!
Harry Sit says
Haseung – Sometimes the paper bonds come in separate envelopes. Wait a week and see if the missing bond will show up in the mail. See comments #13 and #14 below.
LK says
I use TaxAct to file. Do you have screenshots on how to do this in TaxAct?
Harry Sit says
Sorry, I don’t have TaxACT.
DB says
Great post Harry. Thank you for answering all the questions I had on this topic.
Ames says
Thank you for another timely post, Harry! I just increased my estimated payment to allow for this option. It will be my first time doing this and I will follow your helpful steps when filing.
H says
Thanks Mr. Sit! I just purchased $10k of I Bonds after reading your post and doing some research.
I’d like to ask if I am to make a one-time payment on IRS for tax year 2020, the tax refund that I plan to use to buy another $5k of I Bonds, will that be considered 2020 or 2021?
Harry Sit says
They will be 2021 bonds. Say the IRS processes your tax return in April and sends $5k from your tax refund to the savings bond department. If it’s still before the end of April when they process your bond order, you’ll get April 2021 bonds. If it’s already May, you’ll get May 2021 bonds.
DB says
EThe I-bonds you purchase with your 2020 tax refund will be considered a 2021 purchase. If you file in April 2021, your issue date could be April 1st or May 1st, depending on when IRS processes your return and Treasury Direct issues your refund in the form of I-bonds.
H says
Thanks Harry and DB!
MDF says
Howdy Harry. Thank you for the nice article. We are in our 60s. For the bond side of our portfolio we have Vanguard’s Total Bond Market Index Fund in a Roth IRA. Would think it wise to redeem some of those shares and buy I-Bonds?
Happy trails, MDF
Harry Sit says
Because you can’t buy I Bonds inside a Roth IRA, if you must take money out of the Roth IRA to buy it, it’s probably not worth it. Earnings in a Roth IRA are tax-free. Interest on I Bonds is taxable when you redeem the bonds.
Steve says
If you are filing a joint tax return, the description for Form 8888 line 4 says “(and your spouse, if filing jointly)”. Are these just bonds issues with both spouses as co-owners? Can they then be converted into electronic bonds in either spouse’s TreasuryDirect account?
Harry Sit says
Yes. The bonds will have both spouses as co-owners and they can be converted into either owner’s account.
“If you’re a TreasuryDirect account owner, you can exchange paper savings bonds on which you are the sole owner, a co-owner, or the owner with a beneficiary.”
https://www.treasurydirect.gov/indiv/research/indepth/smartexchangeinfo.htm
EV says
Great post. I had planned to do this before reading your post. We had about $3500 coming back to us this year so I want to add another $1500 to get up to $5000. But I have a very old school question, in case you have the answer.
I plan to file my tax return via paper mail. I was hoping to include that extra $1500 payment with my return as a paper check, having already accounted for that in my 2020 estimated tax payment number on line 26 of form 1040.
Would that be an acceptable approach? I was hoping to be able to determine they had received my paper return once I saw that my check had been cashed. Your opinion on this approach would be appreciated.
Steve says
I’m pretty sure the IRS will only accept a check with an appropriate form, either 4868, a 1040 with taxes due, a quarterly estimated tax form, or similar.
Harry Sit says
EV – I agree with Steve. That doesn’t work. A check that accompanies the 1040 isn’t an estimated tax payment. If you’d like to confirm that your paper return is received, you can mail it certified and track the delivery through USPS. To increase your refund, IRS Direct Pay with automatic 4868 extension is still the easiest way.
EV says
Well, I’m very glad I asked. Thanks Steve and Harry for the quick feedback, and I’ll use that suggested approach. Appreciate it!
Michele says
Thanks for all the great information!
If filing married jointly, is the limit $5000 per individual or total for both?
stannius says
Total for both.
Steve says
I just got my paper bonds. Instead of two $100 bonds I got one $200 bond.
Rob says
I made sure to overpay taxes and asked for $5000 in bonds on my Turbotax return. Received a single $500 bond in the mail today. An error? Should I wait to see if the rest arrives separately? I don’t even know whom to contact to fix it.
Steven Crisp says
I’d say wait a while. For some reason, they send the bonds separately. Last year I received all but one on a given day, and then 3 or 4 days later, the last one showed up.
Hopefully the reverse for you will occur.
Rob says
Yep, I got some more the next day, and the final $1000 showed up another two days later. Such a silly system…
DB says
Has anyone tried making extra tax payment with extension using a credit card similar to Direct Pay to get paper I-bonds? The table at https://www.irs.gov/payments/frequency-limit-table-by-type-of-tax-payment seems to indicate this can only be done until April 15th, but https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/tax-day-for-individuals-extended-to-may-17-treasury-irs-extend-filing-and-payment-deadline appears to extend that deadline to 5/17/21.
Harry Sit says
The IRS accepts payments with an automatic extension through May 17. The deadline is the same whether you pay by card, Direct Pay, or EFTPS.